Drinking water quality of various sources in Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan / Qualidade de água potável de váris fontes dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat e Swat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.

Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.

Drinking water quality of various sources in Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan

Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.

Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.

Effect of mint juice on nitrite in pickled cabbage / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of mint juice on the nitrite content in pickled cabbage， and to determine the best concentration of mint juice through comprehensive sensory evaluation. MethodsThe control variates method was used to conduct this single factor experiment. The pickled cabbage processing was divided into five groups， one control group CK， and four experimental groups， Lp100， Lp80， Lp60， Lp40， respectively. The data were analyzed by using test of normality， homogeneity of variance test， ANOVA and multiple comparisons. ResultsThe content of nitrite in the experimental group with mint juice was much lower than that in the control group. During each day， as the concentration of mint juice increased， the removal efficiency also increased and the nitrite content in pickled cabbage decreased， too. When the concentration of mint juice was 100%， the nitrite content in pickled cabbage remained the lowest during 1-5 days of fermentation. On the fifth day of fermentation， the removal efficiency of nitrite in pickled cabbage by mint juice with 100% concentration reached the highest （49.55%）. Adding 60% mint juice to pickled cabbage showed the highest score of 92 in sensory evaluation. ConclusionMint juice can reduce the nitrite content in pickled cabbage and make pickled cabbage a better flavor. Result indicates that 60% mint juice is the best concentration for a comprehensive effect.

Clinical and toxicological findings in nitrate and nitrite poisoning in cattle in Northeastern Brazil / Achados clínicos e toxicológicos na intoxicação por nitrato e nitrito em bovinos no Nordeste do Brasil

We report two outbreaks of nitrate and nitrite poisoning in Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. The first, due to Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), and the second, due to P. purpureum and Brachiaria spp. (brachiaria grass), both occurred during a prolonged drought. In the first outbreak, the irrigation of the pastures with wastewater and sewage contributed to nitrate accumulation. The second outbreak occurred in pastures cultivated in the border of a dam, that had been submerged for long time accumulating large amounts of organic matter in the soil. Other probably risk factors for nitrate accumulation included the use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides and burning of the vegetation. In the first outbreak, four calves out of a total of 42 cattle died, and in the second outbreak 49 out of 243 cattle, including adults, yearlings, and a 2-day-old calf died. The clinical signs included dyspnea, cyanosis, ataxia, and falls, leading to death. The presence of nitrates was detected in both outbreaks using the diphenylamine test. Quantitative tests were performed in the second outbreak using a portable nitrate meter, and high nitrate concentrations were found. The characteristic macroscopic findings and absence of microscopic lesions and response to treatment with methylene blue were key to the diagnosis of poisoning by nitrates and nitrites. We conclude that poisoning by nitrates and nitrites in ruminants in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil is frequent due to the cultivation of grasses in the border of dams that had been covered by water for long periods or in areas irrigated by wastewater and/or sewage. In addition, the use of a portable measuring device is an effective alternative for the quantification of nitrates in pastures.(AU)

Relatamos dois surtos de intoxicação por nitrato e nitrito na Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O primeiro por Pennisetum purpureum (capim-elefante), e o segundo por P. purpureum e Brachiaria spp. (capim braquiária); ambos ocorreram durante uma estiagem prolongada. No primeiro surto, a irrigação das pastagens com água poluída e esgoto contribuiu para o acúmulo de nitrato. O segundo surto ocorreu em pastagens cultivadas na borda de uma barragem, que há muito tempo ficavam submersas, acumulando grande quantidade de matéria orgânica no solo. Outros prováveis fatores de risco para o acúmulo de nitrato incluíram o uso de fertilizantes químicos e herbicidas e a queima da vegetação. No primeiro surto, quatro bezerros de um total de 42 bovinos morreram, e no segundo surto 49 de 243 bovinos, incluindo adultos, jovens de um ano e um bezerro de 2 dias de idade morreram. Os sinais clínicos incluíram dispneia, cianose, ataxia e quedas, levando à morte. A presença de nitratos foi detectada em ambos os surtos pelo teste de difenilamina. Testes quantitativos foram realizados no segundo surto usando um medidor portátil de nitrato, e altas concentrações de nitrato foram encontradas. Os achados macroscópicos característicos e a ausência de lesões microscópicas e a resposta ao tratamento com azul de metileno foram fundamentais para o diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos. Concluímos que a intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos em ruminantes na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil é frequente devido ao cultivo de gramíneas nas bordas de barragens que estiveram cobertas por água por longos períodos ou em áreas irrigadas por água poluída e/ou esgoto. Além disso, o uso de medidor portátil é uma alternativa eficaz para a quantificação de nitratos em pastagens.(AU)

Clinical and toxicological findings in nitrate and nitrite poisoning in cattle in Northeastern Brazil / Achados clínicos e toxicológicos na intoxicação por nitrato e nitrito em bovinos no Nordeste do Brasil

We report two outbreaks of nitrate and nitrite poisoning in Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. The first, due to Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), and the second, due to P. purpureum and Brachiaria spp. (brachiaria grass), both occurred during a prolonged drought. In the first outbreak, the irrigation of the pastures with wastewater and sewage contributed to nitrate accumulation. The second outbreak occurred in pastures cultivated in the border of a dam, that had been submerged for long time accumulating large amounts of organic matter in the soil. Other probably risk factors for nitrate accumulation included the use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides and burning of the vegetation. In the first outbreak, four calves out of a total of 42 cattle died, and in the second outbreak 49 out of 243 cattle, including adults, yearlings, and a 2-day-old calf died. The clinical signs included dyspnea, cyanosis, ataxia, and falls, leading to death. The presence of nitrates was detected in both outbreaks using the diphenylamine test. Quantitative tests were performed in the second outbreak using a portable nitrate meter, and high nitrate concentrations were found. The characteristic macroscopic findings and absence of microscopic lesions and response to treatment with methylene blue were key to the diagnosis of poisoning by nitrates and nitrites. We conclude that poisoning by nitrates and nitrites in ruminants in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil is frequent due to the cultivation of grasses in the border of dams that had been covered by water for long periods or in areas irrigated by wastewater and/or sewage. In addition, the use of a portable measuring device is an effective alternative for the quantification of nitrates in pastures.

Relatamos dois surtos de intoxicação por nitrato e nitrito na Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O primeiro por Pennisetum purpureum (capim-elefante), e o segundo por P. purpureum e Brachiaria spp. (capim braquiária); ambos ocorreram durante uma estiagem prolongada. No primeiro surto, a irrigação das pastagens com água poluída e esgoto contribuiu para o acúmulo de nitrato. O segundo surto ocorreu em pastagens cultivadas na borda de uma barragem, que há muito tempo ficavam submersas, acumulando grande quantidade de matéria orgânica no solo. Outros prováveis fatores de risco para o acúmulo de nitrato incluíram o uso de fertilizantes químicos e herbicidas e a queima da vegetação. No primeiro surto, quatro bezerros de um total de 42 bovinos morreram, e no segundo surto 49 de 243 bovinos, incluindo adultos, jovens de um ano e um bezerro de 2 dias de idade morreram. Os sinais clínicos incluíram dispneia, cianose, ataxia e quedas, levando à morte. A presença de nitratos foi detectada em ambos os surtos pelo teste de difenilamina. Testes quantitativos foram realizados no segundo surto usando um medidor portátil de nitrato, e altas concentrações de nitrato foram encontradas. Os achados macroscópicos característicos e a ausência de lesões microscópicas e a resposta ao tratamento com azul de metileno foram fundamentais para o diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos. Concluímos que a intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos em ruminantes na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil é frequente devido ao cultivo de gramíneas nas bordas de barragens que estiveram cobertas por água por longos períodos ou em áreas irrigadas por água poluída e/ou esgoto. Além disso, o uso de medidor portátil é uma alternativa eficaz para a quantificação de nitratos em pastagens.

Effect of Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids on ER-P38/MAPK pathway of memory impaired mice / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To study the effect of total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae on learning and memory impairment mice induced by sodium nitrite. Methods:75 mice were divided into blank group, model group, Kangnaoshuai capsule group, Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group and Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids+inhibitor group according to the random number table method, with 15 mice in each group. The Kangnaoshui Capsule group was administered with Kangnaoshui Capsule 585 mg/kg, the Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group was administered with the Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids 97.5 mg/kg, the Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group and the inhibitor group were administered with the Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids by intragastric administration 97.5 mg/kg, and intraperitoneal injection of 0.072 mg/kg ICI182780 for 21 days, once a day. The model was established on the 22nd day. Except for the blank group, the other mice were injected with sodium nitrite intraperitoneally to replicate the mice model with impaired learning and memory capability. The learning and memory capabilit of mice were detected with water maze method, and the estrogen receptor in hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry β (estrogen receptor β, ERβ). The expression of ERβ in hippocampus and the expression of phosphorylated P38 (P-P38) and the protein contents of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated death promoter (Bad) and Caspase-3 in the apoptotic system was detected by Western blot. The kit was used to detect MDA,SOD and NO protein content in hippocampus. Results:The latency of Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group was significantly shorter than the model group, the number of crossing platform and the residence time in the target quadrant were significantly increased ( P<0.01); The expression of ERβ Protein in mice hippocampus (0.371 ± 0.010 vs. 0.124 ± 0.009), Bcl-2 protein (1.146 ± 0.028 vs. 0.726 ± 0.016) and the contents of SOD [(153.657 ± 6.385) U/mg vs. (67.719±5.845) U/mg] increased significantly ( P<0.01); The expression of P-P38/P38 protein (0.412 ± 0.043 vs.0.806 ± 0.069), Bad protein (0.421 ± 0.010 vs.0.633 ± 0.010), Caspase-3 protein (0.923 ± 0.042 vs.1.437 ± 0.033), and the content of MDA [(8.669 ± 0.662) nmol/mg vs. (11.772 ± 1.054) nmol/mg] and NO [(4.259 ± 0.225) nmol/mg vs. (10.805 ± 0.415) nmol/mg] decreased significantly ( P<0.01). In addition, ER blocker can antagonize the above recovery and improvement effects of Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group. Conclusion:Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids can regulate memory impairment, inhibit neuronal apoptosis and reduce oxidative stress in sodium nitrite model mice through ER-P38/MAPK signal pathway.

Food nitrates and nitrites as possible causes of cancer: A review / Nitratos y nitratos alimentarios como posibles causas de cáncer: una revisión / Nitratos e nitratos dietéticos como possíveis causas de câncer: uma revisão

SUMMARY Introduction: Nitrates and nitrites can be found in meat and dairy products, vegetables, and fruits. The consumption of these preservatives has been associated with the emergence of gastric, colorectal cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, although studies are still inconclusive. Methodology: It is a review of literature of the narrative type, in which there was a recovery of articles published in English and Portuguese, in the databases SciELO, Lilacs, Science Direct and Capes journals. Articles related to nitrates and nitrites in foods were included, as well as articles that correlated the consumption of these preservatives with the appearance of cancers, regardless of the year of publication, although articles published between the years 2009 to 2019 were prioritized. Results: Nitrates and nitrites are generally associated with industrialized food products; therefore, it is possible to observe the presence of these salts in a wide variety of foods. The excessive consumption of nitrates and nitrites, whether through water or food, has been associated with a great diversity of diseases, stimulating the development of several studies investigating, including, the correlation between the consumption of these preservatives and the appearance of cancers. Conclusion: It is observed that nitrates and nitrites form compounds with a carcinogenic potential, making them interesting to avoid excessive consumption of these preservatives.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los nitratos y nitritos pueden ser encontrados en carnes y productos lácteos, verduras y frutas. El consumo de estos conservantes ha sido asociado con la aparición de cáncer gástrico, colorrectal y linfoma no Hodgkin, aunque los estudios aún no son concluyentes. Metodología: Se hizo una revisión de tipo narrativo de la literatura, en la que se recuperaron artículos publicados en inglés y portugués, en las bases de datos SciELO, Lilacs, Science Direct y revistas Capes. Se incluyeron artículos relacionados con nitratos y nitritos en alimentos, así como artículos que correlacionaban el consumo de estos conservantes con la aparición de cánceres, independientemente del año de publicación, aunque se priorizaron artículos publicados entre los años 2009 a 2019. Resultados: Los nitratos y nitritos se asocian generalmente con productos alimenticios industrializados; por tanto, es posible observar la presencia de estas sales en una amplia variedad de alimentos. El consumo excesivo de nitratos y nitritos, ya sea a través del agua o de los alimentos, se ha asociado a una gran diversidad de enfermedades, estimulando el desarrollo de varios estudios que investigan, entre ellos, la correlación entre el consumo de estos conservantes y la aparición de cánceres. Conclusión: Así, se observa que los nitratos y nitritos, forman compuestos con potencial carcinogénico, por lo que resulta interesante evitar el consumo excesivo de estos conservantes.

RESUMO Introdução: Nitratos e nitritos podem ser encontrados em carnes e laticínios, vegetais e frutas. O consumo desses conservantes tem sido associado ao desenvolvimento de câncer gástrico e colorretal e linfoma não Hodgkin, embora os estudos ainda não sejam conclusivos. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura do tipo narrativa, na qual houve a recuperação de artigos publicados em inglês e português, nas bases de dados SciELO, Lilacs, Science Direct e Periódicos Capes. Foram incluídos artigos relacionados a nitratos e nitritos em alimentos, bem como artigos que correlacionassem o consumo desses conservantes com o aparecimento de cânceres, independentemente do ano de publicação, embora tenham sido priorizados os artigos publicados entre os anos de 2009 a 2019. Resultados: Nitratos e nitritos são geralmente associados a produtos alimentícios industrializados; portanto, é possível observar a presença desses sais em uma grande variedade de alimentos. O consumo excessivo de nitratos e nitritos, seja pela água ou pelos alimentos, tem sido associado a uma grande diversidade de doenças, estimulando o desenvolvimento de diversos estudos que investiguem, inclusive, a correlação entre o consumo desses conservantes e o aparecimento de cânceres. Conclusão: Assim, observa-se que nitratos e nitritos formam compostos com potencial carcinogê-nico, por isso é interessante evitar o consumo excessivo desses conservantes.

Molecular mechanism of Chuanxiong Rhizoma in treating coronary artery diseases / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Most of the studies on the herb Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR) have focused on the L-arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway, but the nitrate-nitrite-NO (NO

Preservative of Essential Oil Blends: Control of Clostridium perfringens Type a in Mortadella

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the essential oils of cinnamon, cardamom, clove, oregano, and thyme and their synergism on vegetative cells and endospores of Clostridium perfringens type A inoculated in meat sausage (mortadella), as well as the influence of blends on the color, and lipid oxidation through the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS index). The anticlostridial action of the oil blends was established. The two added oil blends (Treat. 1: oregano, clove, and thyme; Treat. 2: oregano, clove, and cinnamon) in combination with reduced nitrite content (75 ppm) promoted a lower growth of C. perfringens in mortadella stored at 15 °C for 21 days in comparison to treatments containing only 75 ppm of nitrite. The essential oil blends showed antioxidant action and did not alter food color, thus possessing potential application as a preservative for the meat products industry.

Metahemoglobinemia secundaria a inhalación de "poppers": caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Methemoglobinemia secondary to amyl nitrite inhalation. A case report and literature review

El nitrito de amilo, conocida como "poppers", se ha masificado como droga recreacional en parte por sus efectos con objetivos sexuales. Su consumo se asocia a complicaciones psiquiátricas y médicas. Reportamos el caso de un paciente que se presenta con metahemog-lobinemia moderada secundaria a la inhalación de nitrito de amilo asociado a alcohol. Al ingreso presenta cianosis peribucal y en extremidades, disociación entre oximetría de pulso y presión parcial de oxígeno en gases arteriales, además de metahemoglobinemia 29,9%. Se descartan otras intoxicaciones y causas primarias de metahemoglobinemia. Se maneja con oxigenoterapia, hidratación y ácido ascórbico, presentando una evolución favorable. Presentamos el primer caso en Chile de metahemoglobinemia secundaria al consumo de nitrito de amilo con fines recreativos.

Amyl nitrite, known as "poppers", has become popular as a recreational drug for sexual purposes. Its consumption is associated with psychiatric and medical complications. We report the case of a patient presenting with moderate methemoglobinemia secondary to amyl nitrite inhalation associated with alcohol. At admission, perioral and extremities cyanosis, a dissociation between pulse oximetry and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial gases, and methemoglobinemia 29.9% were present. Other intoxications and primary causes of methemoglobinemia were ruled out. The patient receives oxygen therapy, hydration, and ascorbic acid, presenting a favorable evolution. We report the first Chilean's case of methemoglobinemia secondary to amyl nitrite consumption for recreational purposes

Is Nitrite Negativity in Urine Analysis an Indicator of Antibiotic Resistance?

Introduction: Studies have reported a correlation between anegative nitrite on urine analysis and resistance tocephalosporin in urine cultured isolate in cases of UTI. Nitritenegativity has therefore been suggested as an aid forphysicians in choosing initial empiric specific antimicrobialtherapy in patients with UTI. Other studies however haveshown contrary results.Study Question: Does whether urinary nitrite test negativityidentify pediatric patients with a higher likelihood of antibioticresistance in bacterial isolates from urines sample cultures.Method: Retrospective chart review of all pediatric patientsfrom birth to 14 years old who received a diagnosis of UTIbased on urine analysis and cultures. We analyzed urineanalysis result, nitrite test result, urine culture and antibioticsensitivity pattern and statistically looked for any correlation ofnitrite negativity on urine analysis with antibiotic resistancepattern of bacterial isolates from urine cultures.Results: No significant statistical difference found betweenantibiotic sensitivity rates of isolates grown from cultures ofnitrite-positive & from nitrite-negative urinary specimens.Conclusions: Physicians should choose initial antimicrobialagent based on knowledge of locally prevalent patterns ofantibiotic resistance, and not on urinary nitrite test results.

The Effects Of Dietary Sodoium Nitrite Supplementation On Jejunal Mucosa And Possible Protective Effect Of Vitamin A In Albino Rats

Nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) are naturally-occurring oxidation products of nitrogen which widely used in thefood industry. The goal of this study was to illustrate the histopathological effects of sub-lethal dose of sodiumnitrite on jejunal mucosa and the possible protective effect of vitamin A. Thirty adult male Albino rats weredivided into 3 groups as follows: Group I (control) received distilled water, Group II (Nitrite-treated) whichreceived intra-gastric daily dose of 50 mg/kg NaNO2 and Group III (Nitrite & vit-A treated group) which receivedintra-gastric daily dose of 50 mg/kg NaNO2 +10,000 I.U/ rat vitamin A. Animals were sacrificed 8 weeks aftertreatment. Blood samples were collected and examined. Specimens from jejunal mucosa of rats were collectedfor the optical and electron microscope study. The blood samples showed significant reduction in all blood cellscounting and albumin level with elevated methemoglobin level in the nitrite treated group. Light microscopicexamination revealed that; Sodium nitrite cause jejunal mucosa damage represented by abnormal shape andlength of jejunal mucosa villi, necrosis with marked loss of covering epithelium and excessive cellular infiltrationin its core of lamina. PAS stained sections exhibited weak or negative PAS reaction of goblet cells of brush borderof villi and crypts. The entrocytes and goblet cells showed ultrastructural changes. Vitamin A administrationresulted in marked regression of the previously mentioned jejunal mucosal effects. Results of the current studyrevealed that diatry supplemtation of nitrite cause multible jejunal mucosal injury but the co-administration ofVitamin A greatly reduce the toxic effects of nitrite supplementation on jejunal mucosa

Bioprocess of nitrite accumulation in water - a review / 生物工程学报

Nitrite is a by-product of the nitrogen cycle. The excessive nitrite not only constrains growth and metabolism of bacteria, but also impairs health of humans and aquatic organisms. On the other hand, the continuous maintaining of nitrite accumulation could achieve the shortcut nitrification process, and reduce energy consumption of biological nitrogen removal to save cost. This article reviews the biological processes and causes of nitrite accumulation in the water environment, and summarizes the factors that affect the accumulation of nitrite, to provide reference for wastewater treatments, including improving the nitrogen removal efficiency, reducing operating costs, decreasing discharge of sewage and nitrite nitrogen in natural water.

Effect Of Sodium Nitrite Exposure On The Immune Responses Against Of Rift Valley Fever Vaccine In Mice

Objective: Daily exposure to food preservatives constitutes a major crisis to children especially during vaccination so; the aim of the study is to assess the effect of sodium nitrite on the immune responses against Rift Valley fever vaccine (RVFV) in Swiss mice. Methods: Mice were divided into four equal groups: group 1 (control) was orally administrated with distilled water (2 ml/kg b. wt.); group 2 was orally administrated with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of sodium nitrite 0.07 mg/kg b. wt. daily for 21 d, group 3 was vaccinated with inactivated RVFV two times and group 4 was orally given sodium nitrite and vaccinated as group 3. Blood samples were collected from all groups two weeks after booster vaccination. The leucocytic indices and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were determined to assess the cell-mediated immunity. The humoral immunity was evaluated using direct enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) test and serum neutralization test (SNT). Results: Sodium nitrite significantly increased the neutrophil index and the NLR whereas; it decreased the total leucocytic count and lymphocyte index in both non-vaccinated and vaccinated mice. Moreover, sodium nitrite significantly decreased both the IgG titer and the efficiency of vaccination through increasing the ED50 value. Conclusion: Sodium nitrite existed an immune-suppressive effect on both cellular and humoral immune responses in mice.

Estrés nitroxidativo pulmonar y sistémico en pacientes en ventilación mecánica con sepsis sin lesión pulmonar aguda y en pacientes en ventilación mecánica sin sepsis / Pulmonary and systemic nitroxidative stress in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis without acute lung injury and in mechanically ventilated patients without sepsis

Propósito: Durante la sepsis y la ventilación mecánica, se genera estrés oxidativo por activación de las células pulmonares endoteliales e inflamatorias y producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ERO). Nuestro principal objetivo fue estudiar la producción pulmonar y sistémica de óxido nítrico (•NO) y oxidantes derivados del •NO que generan estrés nitroxidativo y su relación con la lesión pulmonar aguda (LPA) en pacientes en ventilación mecánica sépticos y no sépticos. Métodos: estudiamos 69 pacientes ventilados mecánicamente, de estos 36 pacientes con sepsis y 33 pacientes sin sepsis. Los pacientes fueron estudiados dentro de las primeras 48 horas de ingreso a unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI). La producción de estrés nitroxidativo se comparó entre los pacientes con sepsis y los pacientes ventilados mecánicamente sin sepsis (VM). Ocho pacientes de quirófano sin enfermedad pulmonar sirvieron como grupo de control sano (GCBQ). Se analizaron nitrito más nitrato (NOx - ), 3-nitrotirosina (3-NT) y malondialdehído (MDA) en líquido de lavado bronquioloalveolar (LBA). En plasma se midió NOx - (n=69). Adicionalmente en plasma se midió 3-NT, MDA, y alfa tocoferol (α-TOH). Resultados: NO x - , 3-NT, MDA en LBA y NOx - y α-TOH en plasma fueron mayores en pacientes con sepsis que en los pacientes con VM sin sepsis (todos p <0,05). Tanto los pacientes con sepsis como VM tenían concentración de NOx - en LBA mayor que el grupo de control sano (p <0,001). En los pacientes con sepsis, los pacientes que fallecieron en la UCI tuvieron concentraciones mayores de NOx - en LBA que los sobrevivientes en la UCI, 80 (70 - 127) µM en comparación con 31 (15 - 47) µM, respectivamente, p <0,001. Los pacientes con síndrome de distress respiratorio agudo (SDRA) en el grupo sepsis tuvieron mayor concentración de NOx - en LBA. Conclusiones: Durante las fases tempranas de la sepsis y la ventilación Sepsis y Estrés Nitroxidativo Pulmonar 20 mecánica hay aumento del estrés nitroxidativo pulmonar y sistémico debido a un aumento de la producción de •NO que conduce a oxidantes secundarios derivados del •NO, los que promueven la nitración de proteínas y la peroxidación de lípidos. Esto se asocia con SDRA/LPA y aumento de la mortalidad en UCI

Purpose: During sepsis and mechanical ventilation oxidative stress is generated by endothelial and inflammatory lung cells. Our main objective was to study pulmonary and systemic •NO (nitric oxide) production and nitroxidative stress in mechanically ventilated septic patients. Methods: we study 69 mechanically ventilated patients, 36 with sepsis and 33 without sepsis within the first 48 hours of ICU admission compared with 33 mechanically ventilated patients without sepsis (MV) plus eight operating room patients without lung disease served as control healthy group (ORCG). Nitrite plus nitrate (NOx - ), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed. Additionally, we measured plasma alpha tocopherol (α-TOH), MDA, and 3-NT. Results: BALF NOx - , BALF 3-NT, BALF MDA, and plasma NOx - were higher in the Sepsis than in MV patients (all p<0.05). Both SG and MV patients had higher BALF NOx - than the healthy control group (p<0.001). Sepsis patients had higher plasma NOx - and α TOH than mechanically-ventilated patients without sepsis (all p <0,05). In the Sepsis patients, the ICU non-survivors had higher levels of BALF NOx - than ICU survivors 280(70 - 127) µM versus 31(15 - 47) µM, p< 0.001. Conclusions: We conclude that during early phases of sepsis there is an enhanced lung nitroxidative stress due to an increase of •NO production leading to secondary Sepsis y Estrés Nitroxidativo Pulmonar 21 •NO-derived oxidants, which promote protein nitration and lipid peroxidation. This is associated with ARDS /ALI and increased mortality in ICU

Sodium nitrite-derived nitric oxide protects rat testes against ischemia/reperfusion injury / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Testicular torsion, a common urologic emergency, is primarily caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the testis. Nitric oxide (NO)-derived from nitrite (NO2-) has been reported to have prominent therapeutic effects on I/R injury in the heart, liver, and brain; however, its effects on testicular I/R injury have not been evaluated. This study, therefore, investigated whether NO from NO2- is beneficial in a rat model of testicular I/R injury which eventually results in impaired spermatogenesis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the following seven groups: group A, sham-operated control group; Group B, I/R with no treatment; Groups C, D, and E, I/R followed by treatment with three different doses of NO2-; Group F, I/R followed by administration of NO2- and NO scavenger (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-Tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt [C-PTIO]); and Group G, I/R followed by administration of nitrate (NO3-). NO2-, NO3-, and C-PTIO were intravenously administered. Histological examination of the testes and the western blot analysis of caspase-3 were performed. Levels of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were measured. Germ cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymatic function, and lipid peroxidation in Group B were significantly higher than those in Group A. Group B exhibited an abnormal testicular morphology and impaired spermatogenesis. In contrast, testicular damages were attenuated in the NO2- treatment groups, which were caused by reduction in superoxide and peroxynitrite levels and an inhibition of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. The results of this study suggest NO2- to be a promising therapeutic agent with anti-oxidant and anti-Apoptotic properties in testicular I/R injury.

Nitrate and nitrite poisoning in sheep and goats caused by ingestion of Portulaca oleracea / Intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos em ovinos e caprinos causada pela ingestão de Portulaca oleracea

Three outbreaks of poisoning by Portulaca oleracea were reported in sheep and goats in Northeast Brazil. In the first outbreak, 8 out of 20 sheep were affected and later died. In the second outbreak, three goats and one sheep died out of a flock of 30 animals that included both species. In the third outbreak, two out of 19 sheep were affected, and they recovered after a treatment of 2% methylene blue at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight. In the first and second outbreaks, the animals ingested P. oleracea after it was cut and offered in feeders. In the third outbreak, the flock was grazing in an area that had been invaded by the plant. To determine the toxicity, P. oleracea was administered experimentally at a dose of 80g/kg of body weight to seven sheep, weighing 19-30 kg. One control sheep received green grass. One to four hours after P. oleracea ingestion, the animals showed clinical signs of poisoning characterized by cyanotic mucous membranes, bloat, ruminal pH of 8-9, pollakiuria, aerophagia, involuntary movements of the upper lip, apathy, tachypnea and tachycardia. Five animals recovered, including one that was treated with 1% methylene blue, and two animals died. During necropsy, the mucous membranes were brownish, and the blood was dark brown. Diphenylamine tests of the plant and of rumen contents were positive for nitrates. Positive results for nitrates were also found in 24 samples of P. oleracea that were collected in different places in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. We conclude that P. oleracea accumulates nitrates at toxic levels and may cause poisoning in sheep and goats.(AU)

Relatam-se três surtos de intoxicação por Portulaca oleracea em ovinos e caprinos no Nordeste do Brasil. No primeiro surto morreram oito de 20 ovinos. No segundo morreram três caprinos e um ovino de um total de 30 animais das duas espécies. No terceiro surto foram afetadas duas ovelhas de um rebanho de 19 animais, que se recuperaram após o tratamento com azul de metileno a 2% na dose de 4 mg/kg/vivo. Nos surtos 1 e 2 os animais ingeriram P. oleracea cortada e oferecida no coxo e no surto 3 estavam pastoreando em uma área invadida pela planta. Para determinar a toxicidade de P. oleracea foram utilizados oitos ovinos, sendo sete experimentais e um controle, com peso entre 19 e 30 kg. A planta foi administrada por via oral, na dose de 80 g/kg/peso corporal. O animal controle recebeu capim verde e concentrado. Entre uma a quatro horas após a ingestão da planta os animais apresentaram sinais clínicos caracterizados por mucosas cianóticas, timpanismo gasoso, pH ruminal de 8-9, polaquiúria, aerofagia, movimentos involuntários do lábio superior, apatia, taquipnéia e taquicardia. Cinco animais se recuperaram, incluindo um que foi tratado com azul de metileno a 2%, e dois morreram. Na necropsia observaram-se mucosas de coloração marrom e sangue marrom escuro. O teste de difenilamina realizado na planta e no conteúdo ruminal foi positivo para nitratos. Resultados positivos para nitratos foram detectados em 24 amostras coletadas em diferentes locais dos estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba. Conclui-se que P. oleracea acumula nitratos em níveis tóxicos, e quando ingerida por ovinos e caprinos pode provocar intoxicação e morte.(AU)

Comparação de métodos para quantificação de bactérias nitrificantes / Comparison of methods for quantification of nitrifying bacteria

RESUMO A quantificação de bactérias nitrificantes é de extrema importância para o monitoramento de sistemas biológicos de tratamento que promovam a nitrificação. Neste trabalho, 15 amostras de efluentes coletadas em sistema de tratamento por lodos ativados (LA) foram analisadas de modo a quantificar bactérias nitrificantes por meio de duas técnicas: tubos múltiplos ou técnica do número mais provável (NMP); e hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH). Os resultados sugerem que houve uma tendência de se obter valores diferentes para bactérias oxidadoras de amônia por meio da NMP em comparação com a FISH. Não obstante, a análise estatística revelou que a diferença de quantificação encontrada entre as técnicas não foi significativa, indicando que ambas podem ser usadas. Para as oxidadoras de nitrito, não foi possível realizar comparação, uma vez que os gêneros que estavam sendo determinados em cada uma das técnicas provavelmente eram diferentes. Sendo assim, as técnicas NMP e FISH se mostraram métodos relativamente simples e adequados para quantificação de microrganismos nitrificantes, com vantagens e limitações inerentes a cada uma.

ABSTRACT The quantification of nitrifying bacteria is of utmost importance for monitoring biological treatment systems designed to promote nitrification. In this study, 15 activated sludge samples were analyzed in order to quantify nitrifying bacteria by two different methods: the most-probable number (MPN); and the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results suggest that there was a tendency to obtain different values for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria by MPN compared to FISH. However, statistical analysis of these data revealed that the difference found between the two techniques was not significant, indicating that both can be used for quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. For nitrite-oxidizing bacteria it was not possible to make this comparison, since the bacterial genera that were being determined in each technique were likely different. Thus, MPN and FISH techniques proved to be relatively simple and suitable for quantification of nitrifying microorganisms in sludge samples, each of them with advantages and limitations.

Effects of Astragalus Lily Granules on enhanced hypoxia tolerance in mice exposed to sodium nitrite poisoning / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To study the effect of Astragali Lilium Granules on the survival time,CAT,ATP,and pathological changes in mice exposed to sodium nitrite (NaNO2)poisoning.Methods We randomly divided 60 male mice of SPF grade KM into blank group,positive control group,model group and Astragali Lilium Granules low-,medium-and high-dose groups.After 3 days of normal feeding,blank group and model group received intragastric gavage of normal saline,and positive control group was given Rhodiola rosea capsule solution.Astragali Lilium Granules groups received intragastric gavage according to the concentration (1.75,3.5 and 7 mg/kg per day) for 30 days. One hour after the last administration, all groups except the blank control group received intraperitoneal injection of NaNO2(200 mg/kg,injection amount of 0.1 mL/g).We recorded the mice's survival time,observed the pathological changes of brain,lung and heart tissues by HE staining under the microscope.The activity of CAT and the level of ATP in brain tissue were determined by colorimetric analysis.Results Compared with the blank group,the survival time in model group [(9.64±1.60)min,P＜0.05]was significantly lower;in model group,the lung tissue showed extensive pulmonary edema,red cell exudation,emphysema,and local atrophy of the lung;the interstitium of the myocardium was dilated and congested,and the local cells in the epicardium became edematous and denatured;brain cells showed necrosis,cytoplasm condensation,pyknosis,and perinuclear vacuoles.The tissues were loose and the spaces between the vessels and nerve cells widened;the activity of CAT decreased and the content of ATP decreased in lung,heart and brain tissues (P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the survival time was significantly prolonged in Astragali Lilium Granules low-[(12.78±2.20)min]and medium-dose [(13.22±2.10)min]groups (P＜0.05).Compared with model group,the three dose groups had lessened lung tissue edema and emphysema,cardiac interstitial vascular dilatation and congestion,necrosis and nuclear pyknosis of brain nerve cells;the activity of CAT increased and the content of ATP increased in lung,heart and brain tissues (both P＜0.05).Conclusion Astragali Lilium Granules can improve the toxicity of NaNO2in mice and thus effectively protect against NaNO2-induced anoxic injury.

Research Progress on Nitrite Electrochemical Sensor / 分析化学

Nitrite has been widely used in industrial and agricultural production,and is commonly found in food,drinking water,biology sample and environment.However,nitrite is a toxic inorganic pollutant that is very harmful to the health of human.A variety of strategies have been proposed for nitrite detection in recent years.Electrochemical approaches have gained more and more attention owing to simplicity,rapidity,sensitivity,low cost,etc.The research progresses of nanocomposite material sensor for electrochemical detection of nitrite based on carbon material,metal material,metal organic frameworks,and conducting polymer and enzyme in recent years are introduced from the perspective of composite electrode modification layer.The construction approaches and sensing performances of modified electrode are put special emphasis.At last,future trends of nitrite electrochemical sensor are also discussed.